Reviewing our own gaze
Let’s start by identifying what our ideas and impressions are. What concepts do we associate with different types of displacement? What do we know about the experience of refuge?
Shedding light on the view we have -and that is shown to us- of migrations and refugees helps us to become aware of our starting point regarding these realities. In this section we will find introductory activities to review our vision and reflect on the incidence of the media in the creation of a collective imaginary regarding certain conflicts and the people who live them.
Let’s start by identifying what our ideas and impressions are. What concepts do we associate with different types of displacement? What do we know about the experience of refuge?
What are stereotypes and prejudices?
If we want to identify them, it is important to know what we are talking about.
Stereotype:A structured image accepted by the majority of people and considered representative of a given group. This image is formed from a static conception of the generalized characteristics of the members of a community (Myers, 1995).
Prejudice:Hostile and distrustful attitude toward some person who belongs to a collective, simply because of his or her membership in this group (Allport, 1954).
The press is an opinion generator, that is why it is important to reflect on the image it shows of migration and refuge, because the language and illustration of the articles influence public opinion, forging a collective imaginary regarding these experiences and the people who live them.
In this sample of headlines, what terms stand out and how do they influence the perception of the phenomenon they deal with?
Let's look it up
What would we find if we did a search on social networks or in the mainstream media for the terms "immigrant", "immigration" or "refugee"?
During the first weeks of the outbreak of the Ukrainian war journalist Alan MacLeod made this compilation of some media publications from different countries talking about the war. Looking at these publications we ask ourselves: Are stereotypes and prejudices identifiable?
It is estimated that between the end of January and the beginning of February 1939, seeing that Franco’s troops were winning the war, more than half a million people crossed the border into France in a few days. Let’s take a look at how the French press treated this situation.
THE SPANISH TRAGEDY AT THE BORDER OF THE PYRENEESThe exodus of Spaniards to France has acquired such proportions that it is truly unimaginable. It is an entire people that invades: rich, poor, bourgeois, merchants, peasants, workers, public administrations, army, a hodgepodge of beasts, carts, cars, war material, everything that can be loaded onto carts, dragged or take off on his back. If it were possible to transport the houses, they would bring them right away from Spain... All of this is not a uniform mass moving in one direction. The horde advances along all the roads that come down from the mountains, blocking the border towns, camping in the fields, on the beaches, invading the towns. And yet, every day the trains take thousands of these refugees who are scattered in our departments.
****Tens of thousands of refugees are flocking to our borders. Women, children, the elderly, healthy and wounded men, combatants and non-combatants come to us from all the mountain paths, and by all the roads, between Cerbère and Bourg-Madame. It is a wave, an avalanche. It has been necessary to displace the troops of an army corps, to contain, to repress this true invasion. Are we going to support women, children and the elderly? Are we going to intern and for how long the militiamen, assault guards and riflemen who have deserted their posts? Are we going to give asylum to thousands of undesirables, common criminals, whose hands are stained with innocent blood? These are the questions that our pitiful compatriots are already asking themselves, and that the next few hours will make even more distressing. Let us leave for today the causes of this exodus, of this flight, of this panic. They are politicians and they also bear the mark of Moscow. Now we are responsible for liquidating, but what then? We help the miserable, we feed the hungry, we cover the cold, we care for the wounded and the sick, and no one thinks of being surprised, everyone approves of this charitable and generous action; but after?
Articles translation
Maria dels Àngels Vayreda was one of the many people who crossed the border into France in 1939, years later she would write:
“I saw the situation more realistically than the men; I saw that one thing is (…) to make enthusiastic speeches in favor of some unfortunate people who are fighting a desperate war in a remote country, and another to see them arrive massively at your house, defeated, starving and ragged” (p.145)
VAYREDA, M.A. (1970). Encara no sé com sóc
FRANCE TO THE FRENCH. THE SPANIARDS IN SPAIN
It is very sad to see this exodus of poor, emaciated, ragged people, fleeing without knowing what tomorrow will be like. Some are bums; transplanted who lived from province to province, preceding the victories of the nationals. They were repeatedly told that Franco's armies gave no quarter. They are afraid... They go... Others are criminals. They know what they are guilty of. Just punishment scares them. And, dragging with them, through threat or fear, all the skittish ones who cross their path, they rush into France, eternal asylum. Then come the deserters, soldiers by force or convinced militiamen. Then, in the beautifully decked out driver's cars, the responsible leaders cross the border with weapons and luggage. The law of honor dictates that the captain of a ship goes down with it, or at least is the last to leave it. But the law of honor is unknown to those who, through the convulsions of a dying people, think only of fleeing with their ill-gotten fortune. All the newspapers reported the horror of this flight and the brutal or tragic scenes that unfolded in our house. That our hearts, which are too sensitive to misery, allow themselves to be appeased and come to the aid of innocent old people, women and children, is commendable for our race. But that we receive in our homes, welcome and protect deserters and bandits, that is too much.
****
ALONG ALL THE ROADS RUNS TOWARDS FRANCE THE MISERABLE PROCESSION OF REFUGEES
Several thousand emigrants are expected at our border where the authorities have taken measures for their evacuation in various departments.
Articles translation